| Abdominal Mass | ||
|---|---|---|
| Small bowel obstruction | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.2 ( Bohner H et al. ) (average) 2.2 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.9 ( Bohner H et al. ) (average) 0.9 | |
| Aneurysma aorta abdominalis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 12 ( Lederle FA et al. ) (average) 12 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.72 ( Lederle FA et al. ) (average) 0.72 | Abdominal pain |
| Influenza during flu season | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.42 ( Ebell MH et al. ) (average) 1.42 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.94 ( Ebell MH et al. ) (average) 0.94 | |
| Urinary tract infection in women | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.00 ( Giesen LGM et al. ) 1.1 ( Bent S et al. ) (average) 1.05 | Negative likelihood ratio 1.00 ( Giesen LGM et al. ) 0.9 ( Bent S et al. ) (average) 0.95 | |
| Small bowel obstruction | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.9 ( Bohner H et al. ) (average) 2.9 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.8 ( Bohner H et al. ) (average) 0.8 | |
| Diverticulitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.3 ( Wilkins T et al. ) (average) 3.3 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.5 ( Wilkins T et al. ) (average) 0.5 | Absence of cough |
| Streptococcal pharyngitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.46 ( Aalbers J et al. ) (average) 1.46 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.53 ( Aalbers J et al. ) (average) 0.53 | Active extension causing pain |
| Hip arthrosis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.7 ( Sutlive TG et al. ) (average) 2.7 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.59 ( Sutlive TG et al. ) (average) 0.59 | Angina |
| Heart failure | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.00 ( Morgan S et al. ) (average) 3 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.62 ( Morgan S et al. ) (average) 0.62 | Ankle reflex abnormal |
| Disc herniation | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 4.3 ( David S at al. ) (average) 4.3 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.6 ( David S at al. ) (average) 0.6 | Anorexia |
| Cholecystitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.4 ( Trowbridge RL et al. ) (average) 1.4 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.7 ( Trowbridge RL et al. ) (average) 0.7 | |
| Appendicitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.17 ( Idris SA et al. ) 1.05 ( Al-gaithy Zuhoor K et ) (average) 2.11 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.07 ( Idris SA et al. ) 0.53 ( Al-gaithy Zuhoor K et ) (average) 0.3 | |
| Temporal Arteritis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 0.95 ( Ryan D et al. ) (average) 0.95 | Negative likelihood ratio 1.03 ( Ryan D et al. ) (average) 1.03 | |
| Otitis media acuta | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.06 ( Wood JM et al. ) (average) 1.06 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.97 ( Wood JM et al. ) (average) 0.97 | Anterior drawer test |
| Anterior cruciate ligament tear - acute | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 7.33 ( Katz JW et al. ) 1.4 ( Benjaminse A et al. ) (average) 4.37 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.80 ( Katz JW et al. ) 0.7 ( Benjaminse A et al. ) (average) 0.75 | |
| Anterior cruciate ligament tear - chronic | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 17.67 ( Katz JW et al. ) 8.9 ( Benjaminse A et al. ) (average) 13.29 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.48 ( Katz JW et al. ) 0.1 ( Benjaminse A et al. ) (average) 0.29 | Aphasia - ever |
| Stroke | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 7.60 ( Sung VW et al. ) (average) 7.6 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.65 ( Sung VW et al. ) (average) 0.65 | Apley's test |
| Meniscal tear - acute | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.9 ( Rinonapoli G et al. ) 0.80 ( Fowler PJ et al. ) 1.30 ( Kurosaka M et al. ) (average) 1.67 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.2 ( Rinonapoli G et al. ) 1.05 ( Fowler PJ et al. ) 0.97 ( Kurosaka M et al. ) (average) 0.74 | Asymmetry |
| Melanoma | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.0 ( Mark Ebell et al. ) 2.1 ( Thomas L et al. ) (average) 2.05 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.60 ( Mark Ebell et al. ) 0.59 ( Thomas L et al. ) (average) 0.6 | Back pain |
| Urinary tract infection in women | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 0.88 ( Giesen LGM et al. ) 1.6 ( Bent S et al. ) (average) 1.24 | Negative likelihood ratio 1.09 ( Giesen LGM et al. ) 0.8 ( Bent S et al. ) (average) 0.95 | Bedwetting |
| Epilepsy | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 6.53 ( Sheldon R et al. ) (average) 6.53 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.79 ( Sheldon R et al. ) (average) 0.79 | Bilateral plantar numbness |
| Spinal stenosis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.1 ( Ebell MH et al. ) 2.2 ( Suri P et al. ) (average) 2.15 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.84 ( Ebell MH et al. ) 0.84 ( Suri P et al. ) (average) 0.84 | Bowel sound decreased |
| Small bowel obstruction | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.2 ( Bohner H et al. ) (average) 3.2 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.8 ( Bohner H et al. ) (average) 0.8 | Bowel sounds increased |
| Small bowel obstruction | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.5 ( Bohner H et al. ) (average) 3.5 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.7 ( Bohner H et al. ) (average) 0.7 | Breathing frequency > 40 / min |
| Pneumonia in children | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.58 ( Rambaud-Althaus C et al. ) (average) 1.58 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.43 ( Rambaud-Althaus C et al. ) (average) 0.43 | Brudzinski's sign |
| Meningitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.00 ( Thomas KE et al. ) 3.42 ( Ala A et al. ) 2.12 ( Mofidi M et al. ) (average) 2.18 | Negative likelihood ratio 1.00 ( Thomas KE et al. ) 0.30 ( Ala A et al. ) 0.72 ( Mofidi M et al. ) (average) 0.67 | Bulging tympanic membrane |
| Otitis media acuta | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 20 ( R Rothman et al. ) (average) 20 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.4 ( R Rothman et al. ) (average) 0.4 | Buttock Pain |
| Hip arthrosis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 6.4 ( Sutlive TG et al. ) (average) 6.4 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.52 ( Sutlive TG et al. ) (average) 0.52 | Calf wasting |
| Disc herniation | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 5.2 ( David S at al. ) (average) 5.2 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.8 ( David S at al. ) (average) 0.8 | Central obesity |
| Cushing syndrome | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.12 ( Nugent CA et al. ) (average) 3.12 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.14 ( Nugent CA et al. ) (average) 0.14 | Cervical adenopathy |
| Mononucleosis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.1 ( Mark H et al. ) (average) 2.1 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.22 ( Mark H et al. ) (average) 0.22 | |
| Streptococcal pharyngitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.45 ( Aalbers J et al. ) (average) 1.45 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.63 ( Aalbers J et al. ) (average) 0.63 | Cheesy discharge |
| Vaginal candidiasis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.4 ( Anderson MR et al. ) (average) 2.4 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.48 ( Anderson MR et al. ) (average) 0.48 | Chest-wall tenderness |
| Acute coronary syndrome | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 0.17 ( Rudi Bruyninckx et al. ) 0.30 ( Goodacre S et al. ) 0.23 ( Mant J et al. ) (average) 0.23 | Negative likelihood ratio 1.41 ( Rudi Bruyninckx et al. ) 1.27 ( Goodacre S et al. ) 1.18 ( Mant J et al. ) (average) 1.29 | |
| Pneumonia in children | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.9 ( Shah SN et al. ) (average) 1.9 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.82 ( Shah SN et al. ) (average) 0.82 | Chills |
| Influenza during flu season | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.11 ( Ebell MH et al. ) (average) 1.11 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.68 ( Ebell MH et al. ) (average) 0.68 | |
| Cholecystitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.6 ( Abraham S et al. ) (average) 2.6 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.9 ( Abraham S et al. ) (average) 0.9 | |
| Pneumonia in adults | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.72 ( Heckerling PS et al. ) (average) 1.72 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.70 ( Heckerling PS et al. ) (average) 0.7 | Clock drawing test |
| Dementia | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 4.00 ( Kirby M et al. ) (average) 4 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.30 ( Kirby M et al. ) (average) 0.3 | Closed fist sign |
| Carpal tunnel syndrome | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 7.3 ( Christopher A et al. ) (average) 7.3 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.4 ( Christopher A et al. ) (average) 0.4 | Cloudy tympanic membrane |
| Otitis media acuta | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 11 ( R Rothman et al. ) (average) 11 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.1 ( R Rothman et al. ) (average) 0.1 | Colic pain |
| Cholelithiasis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.6 ( Abraham S et al. ) (average) 3.6 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.84 ( Abraham S et al. ) (average) 0.84 | Constipation |
| Hypothyroidism | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.29 ( Carle A et al. ) 3.20 ( Zulewski H et al. ) (average) 2.75 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.74 ( Carle A et al. ) 0.61 ( Zulewski H et al. ) (average) 0.68 | |
| Small bowel obstruction | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 8.8 ( Bohner H et al. ) (average) 8.8 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.6 ( Bohner H et al. ) (average) 0.6 | Cool skin |
| Peripheral arterial disease | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 5.9 ( Khan NA et al. ) (average) 5.9 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.92 ( Khan NA et al. ) (average) 0.92 | |
| Hypothyroidism | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.50 ( Carle A et al. ) (average) 2.5 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.63 ( Carle A et al. ) (average) 0.63 | Cough |
| Influenza during flu season | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.29 ( Ebell MH et al. ) (average) 1.29 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.38 ( Ebell MH et al. ) (average) 0.38 | |
| Upper respiratory infection | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 0.92 ( Nader Shaikh et al. ) (average) 0.92 | Negative likelihood ratio 2.40 ( Nader Shaikh et al. ) (average) 2.4 | |
| Acute sinusitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 0.96 ( Claude Cyr et al. ) (average) 0.96 | Negative likelihood ratio 1.12 ( Claude Cyr et al. ) (average) 1.12 | |
| Asthma in children | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.6 ( ITS Yu et al. ) (average) 2.6 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.49 ( ITS Yu et al. ) (average) 0.49 | |
| COPD | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.8 ( Dewar M et al. ) (average) 1.8 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.69 ( Dewar M et al. ) (average) 0.69 | |
| Hypothyroidism | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.46 ( Carle A et al. ) (average) 1.46 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.91 ( Carle A et al. ) (average) 0.91 | |
| Otitis media acuta | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 0.9 ( R Rothman et al. ) (average) 0.9 | Negative likelihood ratio 1.2 ( R Rothman et al. ) (average) 1.2 | |
| Pneumonia in children | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.12 ( Rambaud-Althaus C et al. ) 1.2 ( Shah SN et al. ) 0.99 ( Zanco J et al. ) (average) 1.1 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.30 ( Rambaud-Althaus C et al. ) 0.47 ( Shah SN et al. ) 2.00 ( Zanco J et al. ) (average) 0.92 | Crackles |
| Pneumonia in children | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.26 ( Rambaud-Althaus C et al. ) 1.4 ( Shah SN et al. ) 1.02 ( Zanco J et al. ) (average) 1.23 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.81 ( Rambaud-Althaus C et al. ) 0.86 ( Shah SN et al. ) 0.87 ( Zanco J et al. ) (average) 0.85 | |
| Pneumonia in adults | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.6 ( Heckerling PS et al. ) 2.0 ( Saldias PF et al. ) 1.6 ( Gennis P et al. ) 2.7 ( Diehr P et al. ) (average) 2.23 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.6 ( Heckerling PS et al. ) 0.6 ( Saldias PF et al. ) 0.8 ( Gennis P et al. ) 0.9 ( Diehr P et al. ) (average) 0.73 | |
| Heart failure | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.8 ( Wang CS et al. ) 2.44 ( Morgan S et al. ) (average) 2.62 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.51 ( Wang CS et al. ) 0.68 ( Morgan S et al. ) (average) 0.6 | |
| Acute coronary syndrome | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.08 ( Mant J et al. ) (average) 2.08 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.76 ( Mant J et al. ) (average) 0.76 | Cut tongue |
| Epilepsy | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 16.70 ( Sheldon R et al. ) (average) 16.7 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.56 ( Sheldon R et al. ) (average) 0.56 | Cyanosis |
| Pneumonia in adults | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 5.0 ( Saldias PF et al. ) (average) 5 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.9 ( Saldias PF et al. ) (average) 0.9 | Decreased breath sounds on examination |
| COPD | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.7 ( Dewar M et al. ) (average) 3.7 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.7 ( Dewar M et al. ) (average) 0.7 | |
| Pneumonia in adults | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.5 ( Heckerling PS et al. ) (average) 2.5 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.6 ( Heckerling PS et al. ) (average) 0.6 | Diameter > 6 mm |
| Melanoma | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.4 ( Mark Ebell et al. ) 2.3 ( Thomas L et al. ) (average) 2.35 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.16 ( Mark Ebell et al. ) 0.17 ( Thomas L et al. ) (average) 0.17 | Diarrhea |
| HIV infection | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.7 ( Wood E et al. ) (average) 3.7 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.88 ( Wood E et al. ) (average) 0.88 | |
| Appendicitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 0.71 ( Idris SA et al. ) (average) 0.71 | Negative likelihood ratio 1.78 ( Idris SA et al. ) (average) 1.78 | Diastolic murmur |
| Aortic insufficiency | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 4.5 ( Choudhry NK et al. ) (average) 4.5 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.8 ( Choudhry NK et al. ) (average) 0.8 | Difference in calf diameter |
| Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.8 ( Goodacre S et al. ) (average) 1.8 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.57 ( Goodacre S et al. ) (average) 0.57 | Digital rectal exam abnormal |
| Prostate cancer | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 21 ( Driel MF et al. ) 3.12 ( Mistry K et al. ) (average) 12.06 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.38 ( Driel MF et al. ) 0.57 ( Mistry K et al. ) (average) 0.48 | Diplopia |
| Temporal Arteritis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.99 ( Ryan D et al. ) (average) 1.99 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.96 ( Ryan D et al. ) (average) 0.96 | Discoloured skin |
| Peripheral arterial disease | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.8 ( Khan NA et al. ) (average) 2.8 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.74 ( Khan NA et al. ) (average) 0.74 | Drop arm test |
| Rotator cuff injury | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.42 ( Penning L et al. ) (average) 1.42 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.94 ( Penning L et al. ) (average) 0.94 | |
| Subacromial impingement syndrome | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.33 ( Çalış M et al. ) 2.63 ( Alqunaee M et al. ) (average) 2.48 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.96 ( Çalış M et al. ) 0.86 ( Alqunaee M et al. ) (average) 0.91 | Dullness on percussion |
| Pneumonia in adults | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 4.0 ( Diehr P et al. ) 3.5 ( Melbye H et al. ) 3.7 ( Kern DG et al. ) 2.2 ( Gennis P et al. ) (average) 3.35 | Negative likelihood ratio 1.0 ( Diehr P et al. ) 0.9 ( Melbye H et al. ) 0.8 ( Kern DG et al. ) 0.9 ( Gennis P et al. ) (average) 0.9 | Dyspnea |
| COPD | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.2 ( Dewar M et al. ) (average) 1.2 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.55 ( Dewar M et al. ) (average) 0.55 | Dysuria |
| Urinary tract infection in women | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 4.71 ( Giesen LGM et al. ) 1.5 ( Bent S et al. ) (average) 3.11 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.24 ( Giesen LGM et al. ) 0.5 ( Bent S et al. ) (average) 0.37 | |
| Chlamydia | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.95 ( Berntsson M et al. ) (average) 1.95 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.88 ( Berntsson M et al. ) (average) 0.88 | Ear pain |
| Otitis media acuta | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 4.4 ( R Rothman et al. ) 3.00 ( Wood JM et al. ) (average) 3.7 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.5 ( R Rothman et al. ) 0.56 ( Wood JM et al. ) (average) 0.53 | Edema lower extremities |
| Heart failure | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.3 ( Wang CS et al. ) 2.00 ( Morgan S et al. ) (average) 2.15 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.64 ( Wang CS et al. ) 0.90 ( Morgan S et al. ) (average) 0.77 | |
| Cushing syndrome | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.27 ( Nugent CA et al. ) (average) 2.27 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.74 ( Nugent CA et al. ) (average) 0.74 | Egophony |
| Pneumonia in adults | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 5.6 ( Heckerling PS et al. ) 2.0 ( Gennis P et al. ) (average) 3.8 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.8 ( Heckerling PS et al. ) 1.0 ( Gennis P et al. ) (average) 0.9 | Eichhoff's test |
| De Quervain tenosynovitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.04 ( Goubau JF et al. ) (average) 1.04 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.75 ( Goubau JF et al. ) (average) 0.75 | Empty can test |
| Rotator cuff injury | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.3 ( Hermans J et al. ) 1.03 ( Penning L et al. ) (average) 1.17 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.64 ( Hermans J et al. ) 0.94 ( Penning L et al. ) (average) 0.79 | |
| Subacromial impingement syndrome | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.82 ( Alqunaee M et al. ) 3.90 ( Michener LA et al. ) (average) 2.86 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.50 ( Alqunaee M et al. ) 0.57 ( Michener LA et al. ) (average) 0.54 | Enlarging |
| Melanoma | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 11 ( Thomas L et al. ) (average) 11 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.18 ( Thomas L et al. ) (average) 0.18 | Epigastric pain |
| Acute coronary syndrome | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.05 ( Rudi Bruyninckx et al. ) (average) 1.05 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.98 ( Rudi Bruyninckx et al. ) (average) 0.98 | Exacerbation by physical activity |
| Migraine | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.7 ( Smetana GW et al. ) (average) 3.7 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.24 ( Smetana GW et al. ) (average) 0.24 | Exertional Pain |
| Acute coronary syndrome | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.35 ( Goodacre S et al. ) (average) 2.35 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.76 ( Goodacre S et al. ) (average) 0.76 | Exudates |
| Streptococcal pharyngitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.2 ( Aalbers J et al. ) (average) 2.2 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.58 ( Aalbers J et al. ) (average) 0.58 | Family history of allergic diseases |
| Asthma in adults | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.53 ( Tomita K et al. ) (average) 1.53 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.89 ( Tomita K et al. ) (average) 0.89 | FAST test |
| Stroke | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.66 ( Purrucker JC et al. ) 1.33 ( Whiteley WN et al. ) 1.88 ( Berglund A et al. ) 6.00 ( Nor AM et al. ) 4.82 ( London: Royal College of ) (average) 3.34 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.22 ( Purrucker JC et al. ) 0.49 ( Whiteley WN et al. ) 0.31 ( Berglund A et al. ) 0.51 ( Nor AM et al. ) 0.22 ( London: Royal College of ) (average) 0.35 | Fatigue - tired |
| Upper respiratory infection | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 0.90 ( Nader Shaikh et al. ) (average) 0.9 | Negative likelihood ratio 1.28 ( Nader Shaikh et al. ) (average) 1.28 | |
| Mononucleosis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.2 ( Mark H et al. ) (average) 1.2 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.3 ( Mark H et al. ) (average) 0.3 | |
| Hypothyroidism | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.96 ( Carle A et al. ) (average) 1.96 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.33 ( Carle A et al. ) (average) 0.33 | |
| HIV infection | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.6 ( Wood E et al. ) (average) 2.6 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.85 ( Wood E et al. ) (average) 0.85 | Femoral bruit |
| Peripheral arterial disease | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 4.8 ( Khan NA et al. ) (average) 4.8 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.83 ( Khan NA et al. ) (average) 0.83 | FEV1 < 80 |
| Asthma in children | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.4 ( ITS Yu et al. ) (average) 3.4 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.84 ( ITS Yu et al. ) (average) 0.84 | Fever |
| Upper respiratory infection | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 0.73 ( Nader Shaikh et al. ) (average) 0.73 | Negative likelihood ratio 1.26 ( Nader Shaikh et al. ) (average) 1.26 | |
| Mononucleosis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.7 ( Mark H et al. ) (average) 1.7 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.87 ( Mark H et al. ) (average) 0.87 | |
| Streptococcal pharyngitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.65 ( Aalbers J et al. ) (average) 1.65 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.71 ( Aalbers J et al. ) (average) 0.71 | |
| Acute sinusitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.0 ( Claude Cyr et al. ) (average) 1 | Negative likelihood ratio 1.0 ( Claude Cyr et al. ) (average) 1 | |
| Cholecystitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.5 ( Trowbridge RL et al. ) (average) 1.5 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.9 ( Trowbridge RL et al. ) (average) 0.9 | |
| Otitis media acuta | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 0.8 ( R Rothman et al. ) 0.77 ( Wood JM et al. ) (average) 0.79 | Negative likelihood ratio 1.3 ( R Rothman et al. ) 1.25 ( Wood JM et al. ) (average) 1.28 | |
| Pneumonia in children | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.06 ( Rambaud-Althaus C et al. ) 1.1 ( Shah SN et al. ) 2.21 ( Zanco J et al. ) (average) 1.46 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.53 ( Rambaud-Althaus C et al. ) 0.59 ( Shah SN et al. ) 0.23 ( Zanco J et al. ) (average) 0.45 | |
| Urinary tract infection in women | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.25 ( Giesen LGM et al. ) 1.6 ( Bent S et al. ) (average) 1.43 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.98 ( Giesen LGM et al. ) 0.9 ( Bent S et al. ) (average) 0.94 | |
| Diverticulitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.4 ( Wilkins T et al. ) (average) 1.4 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.8 ( Wilkins T et al. ) (average) 0.8 | |
| Pneumonia in adults | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.73 ( Holm A et al. ) 1.7 ( Heckerling PS et al. ) (average) 2.22 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.79 ( Holm A et al. ) 0.59 ( Heckerling PS et al. ) (average) 0.69 | |
| Appendicitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.2 ( Wagner JM et al. ) 1.06 ( Nshuti R et al. ) 1.03 ( Idris SA et al. ) 1.07 ( Al-gaithy Zuhoor K et ) (average) 1.59 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.4 ( Wagner JM et al. ) 0.99 ( Nshuti R et al. ) 0.95 ( Idris SA et al. ) 0.33 ( Al-gaithy Zuhoor K et ) (average) 0.67 | |
| Temporal Arteritis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.38 ( Ryan D et al. ) (average) 1.38 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.90 ( Ryan D et al. ) (average) 0.9 | Flexural complaints |
| Atopic dermatitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.64 ( Sharma L et al. ) 8.20 ( Wanitphakdeedecha R et al. ) (average) 5.92 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.26 ( Sharma L et al. ) 0.20 ( Wanitphakdeedecha R et al. ) (average) 0.23 | Full can test |
| Rotator cuff injury | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.4 ( Hermans J et al. ) (average) 2.4 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.37 ( Hermans J et al. ) (average) 0.37 | Genital ulcer |
| HIV infection | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 5.4 ( Wood E et al. ) (average) 5.4 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.99 ( Wood E et al. ) (average) 0.99 | Glabella tap test |
| Parkinson disease | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 4.5 ( Rao G et al. ) (average) 4.5 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.13 ( Rao G et al. ) (average) 0.13 | Groin pain |
| Hip arthrosis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.6 ( Sutlive TG et al. ) (average) 3.6 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.78 ( Sutlive TG et al. ) (average) 0.78 | Hair loss |
| Hypothyroidism | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.50 ( Carle A et al. ) (average) 3.5 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.76 ( Carle A et al. ) (average) 0.76 | Hawkins test |
| Rotator cuff injury | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.5 ( Hermans J et al. ) (average) 1.5 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.51 ( Hermans J et al. ) (average) 0.51 | |
| Subacromial impingement syndrome | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.23 ( Çalış M et al. ) 1.72 ( Alqunaee M et al. ) 1.63 ( Michener LA et al. ) (average) 1.53 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.32 ( Çalış M et al. ) 0.46 ( Alqunaee M et al. ) 0.61 ( Michener LA et al. ) (average) 0.46 | Head turning |
| Epilepsy | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 13.47 ( Sheldon R et al. ) (average) 13.47 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.59 ( Sheldon R et al. ) (average) 0.59 | Headache |
| Influenza during flu season | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.26 ( Ebell MH et al. ) (average) 1.26 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.59 ( Ebell MH et al. ) (average) 0.59 | |
| Upper respiratory infection | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.32 ( Nader Shaikh et al. ) (average) 1.32 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.78 ( Nader Shaikh et al. ) (average) 0.78 | |
| Mononucleosis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.3 ( Mark H et al. ) (average) 1.3 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.73 ( Mark H et al. ) (average) 0.73 | |
| Hypothyroidism | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.32 ( Carle A et al. ) (average) 1.32 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.94 ( Carle A et al. ) (average) 0.94 | |
| HIV infection | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.1 ( Wood E et al. ) (average) 2.1 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.9 ( Wood E et al. ) (average) 0.9 | |
| Temporal Arteritis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.22 ( Ryan D et al. ) 0.91 ( Battista NA et al. ) (average) 1.07 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.75 ( Ryan D et al. ) 1.20 ( Battista NA et al. ) (average) 0.98 | |
| Malignant brain tumor - primary | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 4.83 ( Hamilton W et al. ) (average) 4.83 | (average) 0 | Heart rate > 100 BPM |
| Pneumonia in adults | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.50 ( Holm A et al. ) (average) 2.5 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.83 ( Holm A et al. ) (average) 0.83 | Hematuria - macroscopic |
| Urinary tract infection in women | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.67 ( Giesen LGM et al. ) 2.0 ( Bent S et al. ) (average) 1.84 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.88 ( Giesen LGM et al. ) 0.9 ( Bent S et al. ) (average) 0.89 | Hemiparesis - ever |
| Stroke | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.16 ( Sung VW et al. ) (average) 3.16 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.49 ( Sung VW et al. ) (average) 0.49 | Hirsutism |
| Cushing syndrome | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.73 ( Nugent CA et al. ) (average) 1.73 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.7 ( Nugent CA et al. ) (average) 0.7 | Hypalgesia in median nerve territory |
| Carpal tunnel syndrome | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.1 ( Christopher A et al. ) 3.40 ( Kuhlman K et al. ) (average) 3.25 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.7 ( Christopher A et al. ) 0.58 ( Kuhlman K et al. ) (average) 0.64 | Intercostal recession |
| Pneumonia in children | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.76 ( Rambaud-Althaus C et al. ) (average) 1.76 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.71 ( Rambaud-Althaus C et al. ) (average) 0.71 | Intermittent claudication |
| Spinal stenosis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.7 ( Ebell MH et al. ) (average) 3.7 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.23 ( Ebell MH et al. ) (average) 0.23 | Irregular border |
| Melanoma | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.0 ( Mark Ebell et al. ) 2.1 ( Thomas L et al. ) (average) 2.05 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.61 ( Mark Ebell et al. ) 0.59 ( Thomas L et al. ) (average) 0.6 | Irregular pulse - palpated |
| Atrial fibrillation | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 4.58 ( Hobbs FD et al. ) (average) 4.58 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.16 ( Hobbs FD et al. ) (average) 0.16 | Itching |
| Vaginal candidiasis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.4 ( Anderson MR et al. ) (average) 1.4 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.18 ( Anderson MR et al. ) (average) 0.18 | |
| Atopic dermatitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.58 ( Sharma L et al. ) 1.28 ( Wanitphakdeedecha R et al. ) (average) 1.43 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.13 ( Sharma L et al. ) 0.13 ( Wanitphakdeedecha R et al. ) (average) 0.13 | Jaw claudication |
| Temporal Arteritis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 4.03 ( Ryan D et al. ) 1.50 ( Battista NA et al. ) 5.48 ( Diamantopoulos AP et al. ) (average) 3.67 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.77 ( Ryan D et al. ) 0.92 ( Battista NA et al. ) 0.66 ( Diamantopoulos AP et al. ) (average) 0.78 | Joint line tenderness |
| Meniscal tear - acute | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.67 ( Kurosaka M et al. ) 1.20 ( Fowler PJ et al. ) 0.88 ( Shelbourne KD et al. ) (average) 1.25 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.67 ( Kurosaka M et al. ) 0.52 ( Fowler PJ et al. ) 1.17 ( Shelbourne KD et al. ) (average) 0.79 | Jolt accentuation |
| Meningitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.46 ( Ala A et al. ) 1.05 ( Mofidi M et al. ) (average) 1.26 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.14 ( Ala A et al. ) 0.91 ( Mofidi M et al. ) (average) 0.53 | Kernig's sign |
| Meningitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.00 ( Thomas KE et al. ) 3.12 ( Ala A et al. ) 1.59 ( Mofidi M et al. ) (average) 1.9 | Negative likelihood ratio 1.00 ( Thomas KE et al. ) 0.29 ( Ala A et al. ) 0.79 ( Mofidi M et al. ) (average) 0.69 | Lachman test |
| Anterior cruciate ligament tear - chronic | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 7.1 ( Benjaminse A et al. ) (average) 7.1 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.2 ( Benjaminse A et al. ) (average) 0.2 | |
| Anterior cruciate ligament tear - acute | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 9.4 ( Benjaminse A et al. ) (average) 9.4 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.1 ( Benjaminse A et al. ) (average) 0.1 | Lacrimation during headache |
| Cluster headache | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 99.55 ( Uluduz D et al. ) (average) 99.55 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.46 ( Uluduz D et al. ) (average) 0.46 | |
| Migraine | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 0.04 ( Uluduz D et al. ) (average) 0.04 | Negative likelihood ratio 2.11 ( Uluduz D et al. ) (average) 2.11 | Leg sensation abnormal |
| Disc herniation | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.14 ( David S at al. ) (average) 1.14 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.98 ( David S at al. ) (average) 0.98 | Limb jerking |
| Epilepsy | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 5.58 ( Sheldon R et al. ) (average) 5.58 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.36 ( Sheldon R et al. ) (average) 0.36 | Loss of balance |
| Parkinson disease | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.6 ( Rao G et al. ) (average) 1.6 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.29 ( Rao G et al. ) (average) 0.29 | Lymphadenopathy - any |
| HIV infection | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.1 ( Wood E et al. ) (average) 3.1 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.7 ( Wood E et al. ) (average) 0.7 | Malignant disease |
| Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.7 ( Goodacre S et al. ) (average) 2.7 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.89 ( Goodacre S et al. ) (average) 0.89 | McMurray's test |
| Meniscal tear - acute | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3,7 ( Rinonapoli G et al. ) 8,29 ( Corea JR et al. ) 8,00 ( Evans PJ et al. ) 5,80 ( Fowler PJ et al. ) 1,61 ( Kurosaka M et al. ) (average) 5 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.2 ( Rinonapoli G et al. ) 0.45 ( Corea JR et al. ) 0.86 ( Evans PJ et al. ) 0.75 ( Fowler PJ et al. ) 0.82 ( Kurosaka M et al. ) (average) 0.62 | Micrographia |
| Parkinson disease | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.8 ( Rao G et al. ) (average) 2.8 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.3 ( Rao G et al. ) (average) 0.3 | Migration of pain |
| Appendicitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.6 ( Wagner JM et al. ) 3.2 ( Hardin M et al. ) (average) 3.4 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.4 ( Wagner JM et al. ) 0.5 ( Hardin M et al. ) (average) 0.45 | MMSE < 27 |
| Dementia | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 6.00 ( Mitchell AJ et al. ) 3.03 ( Eefsting JA et al. ) (average) 4.52 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.25 ( Mitchell AJ et al. ) 0.17 ( Eefsting JA et al. ) (average) 0.21 | Morning stiffness |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.52 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 1.52 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.22 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 0.22 | Murphy's sign |
| Cholecystitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.8 ( Trowbridge RL et al. ) 5.0 ( Abraham S et al. ) 1.24 ( Hwang H et al. ) (average) 3.01 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.5 ( Trowbridge RL et al. ) 0.4 ( Abraham S et al. ) 0.71 ( Hwang H et al. ) (average) 0.54 | Myalgia |
| Influenza during flu season | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.26 ( Ebell MH et al. ) (average) 1.26 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.60 ( Ebell MH et al. ) (average) 0.6 | |
| Temporal Arteritis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.24 ( Ryan D et al. ) (average) 1.24 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.80 ( Ryan D et al. ) (average) 0.8 | Myocardial infarction in history |
| Heart failure | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 4.33 ( Morgan S et al. ) (average) 4.33 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.67 ( Morgan S et al. ) (average) 0.67 | Nasal congestion |
| Influenza during flu season | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.21 ( Ebell MH et al. ) (average) 1.21 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.71 ( Ebell MH et al. ) (average) 0.71 | |
| Atopic dermatitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.33 ( Wanitphakdeedecha R et al. ) 2.33 ( Sharma L et al. ) (average) 1.83 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.86 ( Wanitphakdeedecha R et al. ) 0.87 ( Sharma L et al. ) (average) 0.87 | |
| Acute sinusitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.18 ( Moore P et al. ) (average) 1.18 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.86 ( Moore P et al. ) (average) 0.86 | Nasal flaring |
| Pneumonia in children | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1,75 ( Rambaud-Althaus C et al. ) 2.2 ( Shah SN et al. ) (average) 1.6 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.73 ( Rambaud-Althaus C et al. ) 0.77 ( Shah SN et al. ) (average) 0.75 | Nausea |
| Cholecystitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.1 ( Trowbridge RL et al. ) (average) 1.1 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.8 ( Trowbridge RL et al. ) (average) 0.8 | |
| Cholelithiasis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.2 ( Abraham S et al. ) (average) 1.2 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.74 ( Abraham S et al. ) (average) 0.74 | |
| HIV infection | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.2 ( Wood E et al. ) (average) 3.2 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.97 ( Wood E et al. ) (average) 0.97 | |
| Appendicitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 7.00 ( Idris SA et al. ) (average) 7 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.10 ( Idris SA et al. ) (average) 0.1 | |
| Migraine | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 19.2 ( Smetana GW et al. ) (average) 19.2 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.20 ( Smetana GW et al. ) (average) 0.2 | |
| Cluster headache | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.01 ( Uluduz D et al. ) (average) 2.01 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.76 ( Uluduz D et al. ) (average) 0.76 | |
| Acute coronary syndrome | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.88 ( Mant J et al. ) (average) 1.88 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.77 ( Mant J et al. ) (average) 0.77 | Nocturia |
| Urinary tract infection in women | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.31 ( Giesen LGM et al. ) (average) 1.31 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.75 ( Giesen LGM et al. ) (average) 0.75 | Nocturnal paresthesia |
| Carpal tunnel syndrome | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.6 ( Christopher A et al. ) (average) 1.6 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.7 ( Christopher A et al. ) (average) 0.7 | Nuchal rigidity |
| Meningitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 0.94 ( Thomas KE et al. ) 2.5 ( Mofidi M et al. ) (average) 1.72 | Negative likelihood ratio 1.03 ( Thomas KE et al. ) 0.45 ( Mofidi M et al. ) (average) 0.74 | Observed unresponsiveness |
| Epilepsy | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.05 ( Sheldon R et al. ) (average) 3.05 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.31 ( Sheldon R et al. ) (average) 0.31 | Ocular itch |
| Allergic rhinitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.06 ( Kim H et al. ) (average) 2.06 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.52 ( Kim H et al. ) (average) 0.52 | Oral ulcer |
| HIV infection | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.4 ( Wood E et al. ) (average) 3.4 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.91 ( Wood E et al. ) (average) 0.91 | Other allergic diseases |
| Asthma in adults | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.72 ( Tomita K et al. ) (average) 1.72 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.66 ( Tomita K et al. ) (average) 0.66 | Pain in left arm |
| Acute coronary syndrome | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.3 ( Rudi Bruyninckx et al. ) (average) 1.3 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.88 ( Rudi Bruyninckx et al. ) (average) 0.88 | Pain on motion in ankles |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.19 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 2.19 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.46 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 0.46 | Pain on motion in DIPs |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.00 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 1 | Negative likelihood ratio 1.00 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 1 | Pain on motion in elbows |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.37 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 2.37 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.49 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 0.49 | Pain on motion in hips |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.09 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 1.09 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.96 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 0.96 | Pain on motion in knees |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.25 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 1.25 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.56 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 0.56 | Pain on motion in MCPs |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.67 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 2.67 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.18 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 0.18 | Pain on motion in PIPs |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.15 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 2.15 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.23 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 0.23 | Pain on motion in shoulders |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.71 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 1.71 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.42 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 0.42 | Pain on motion in wrists |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.50 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 2.5 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.16 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 0.16 | Pain valgus stress 30° |
| Medial Collateral Ligament Lesion | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.3 ( Kastelein M et al. ) (average) 2.3 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.3 ( Kastelein M et al. ) (average) 0.3 | Painful arc |
| Rotator cuff injury | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.7 ( Hermans J et al. ) (average) 3.7 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.36 ( Hermans J et al. ) (average) 0.36 | |
| Subacromial impingement syndrome | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.60 ( Çalış M et al. ) 2.25 ( Michener LA et al. ) (average) 1.93 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.85 ( Çalış M et al. ) 0.38 ( Michener LA et al. ) (average) 0.62 | Palatal petechiae |
| Mononucleosis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 5.4 ( Mark H et al. ) (average) 5.4 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.77 ( Mark H et al. ) (average) 0.77 | Palpable pulse abnormality |
| Peripheral arterial disease | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 4.7 ( Khan NA et al. ) (average) 4.7 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.38 ( Khan NA et al. ) (average) 0.38 | Palpable thyroid |
| Graves disease | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.3 ( Peterson S et al. ) (average) 2.3 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.6 ( Peterson S et al. ) (average) 0.6 | Palpitations |
| Hypothyroidism | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.70 ( Carle A et al. ) (average) 1.7 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.82 ( Carle A et al. ) (average) 0.82 | Passive lumbar extension test |
| Spondylolysis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 8.84 ( Ferrari S et al. ) (average) 8.84 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.18 ( Ferrari S et al. ) (average) 0.18 | Phonophobia |
| Migraine | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 5.2 ( Smetana GW et al. ) (average) 5.2 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.38 ( Smetana GW et al. ) (average) 0.38 | |
| Cluster headache | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.32 ( Uluduz D et al. ) (average) 2.32 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.71 ( Uluduz D et al. ) (average) 0.71 | Photophobia |
| Migraine | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 5.8 ( Smetana GW et al. ) (average) 5.8 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.25 ( Smetana GW et al. ) (average) 0.25 | |
| Cluster headache | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.09 ( Uluduz D et al. ) (average) 2.09 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.78 ( Uluduz D et al. ) (average) 0.78 | Pivot shift |
| Anterior cruciate ligament tear - chronic | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 7.7 ( Benjaminse A et al. ) (average) 7.7 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.8 ( Benjaminse A et al. ) (average) 0.8 | |
| Anterior cruciate ligament tear - acute | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.3 ( Benjaminse A et al. ) (average) 1.3 | Negative likelihood ratio 1.0 ( Benjaminse A et al. ) (average) 1 | Polakysuria |
| Urinary tract infection in women | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.10 ( Giesen LGM et al. ) (average) 1.1 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.60 ( Giesen LGM et al. ) (average) 0.6 | |
| Acute coronary syndrome | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.8 ( Rudi Bruyninckx et al. ) (average) 1.8 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.6 ( Rudi Bruyninckx et al. ) (average) 0.6 | Posterior drawer test |
| Posterior cruciate ligament tear | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 90.00 ( Rubinstein RA et al. ) (average) 90 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.10 ( Rubinstein RA et al. ) (average) 0.1 | Postictal headache |
| Epilepsy | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.99 ( Sheldon R et al. ) (average) 2.99 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.61 ( Sheldon R et al. ) (average) 0.61 | Prodromal trembling |
| Epilepsy | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 4.98 ( Sheldon R et al. ) (average) 4.98 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.75 ( Sheldon R et al. ) (average) 0.75 | Psoas sign |
| Appendicitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.2 ( Wagner JM et al. ) 1.06 ( Idris SA et al. ) (average) 2.13 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.9 ( Wagner JM et al. ) 0.86 ( Idris SA et al. ) (average) 0.88 | Radiating pain |
| Cholelithiasis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.6 ( Abraham S et al. ) (average) 1.6 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.62 ( Abraham S et al. ) (average) 0.62 | Rebound tenderness |
| Appendicitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.0 ( David G. Bundy et ) 2.41 ( Lamture YR et al. ) (average) 2.71 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.28 ( David G. Bundy et ) 0.48 ( Lamture YR et al. ) (average) 0.38 | |
| Cholecystitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.9 ( Trowbridge RL et al. ) 1.7 ( Abraham S et al. ) (average) 1.8 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.75 ( Trowbridge RL et al. ) 0.43 ( Abraham S et al. ) (average) 0.59 | |
| Small bowel obstruction | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 5.1 ( Bohner H et al. ) (average) 5.1 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.7 ( Bohner H et al. ) (average) 0.7 | |
| Cholelithiasis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.3 ( Abraham S et al. ) (average) 1.3 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.73 ( Abraham S et al. ) (average) 0.73 | Recent immobilization |
| Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.3 ( Goodacre S et al. ) (average) 2.3 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.90 ( Goodacre S et al. ) (average) 0.9 | Recent surgery |
| Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.8 ( Goodacre S et al. ) (average) 1.8 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.94 ( Goodacre S et al. ) (average) 0.94 | Red tympanic membrane |
| Otitis media acuta | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.1 ( Sandi Pirozzo et al. ) (average) 1.1 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.98 ( Sandi Pirozzo et al. ) (average) 0.98 | Reporting history of this allergy |
| B-lactam allergy | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.9 ( Salkind AR et al. ) 2.37 ( Sodhi M et al. ) (average) 2.14 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.5 ( Salkind AR et al. ) 0.94 ( Sodhi M et al. ) (average) 0.72 | Rhinorrhea |
| Acute sinusitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.3 ( Claude Cyr et al. ) 1.28 ( Moore P et al. ) (average) 1.29 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.8 ( Claude Cyr et al. ) 0.63 ( Moore P et al. ) (average) 0.72 | |
| Otitis media acuta | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.3 ( R Rothman et al. ) (average) 1.3 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.6 ( R Rothman et al. ) (average) 0.6 | |
| Allergic rhinitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.76 ( Kim H et al. ) (average) 1.76 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.53 ( Kim H et al. ) (average) 0.53 | Right lower quadrant pain |
| Appendicitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.2 ( David G. Bundy et ) 8.0 ( Hardin M et al. ) 1.12 ( Idris SA et al. ) (average) 3.44 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.56 ( David G. Bundy et ) 0.28 ( Hardin M et al. ) 0.29 ( Idris SA et al. ) (average) 0.38 | Right upper quadrant pain |
| Cholecystitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.5 ( Trowbridge RL et al. ) 2.5 ( Abraham S et al. ) (average) 2 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.7 ( Trowbridge RL et al. ) 0.28 ( Abraham S et al. ) (average) 0.49 | |
| Cholelithiasis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.2 ( Abraham S et al. ) (average) 1.2 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.74 ( Abraham S et al. ) (average) 0.74 | Rigidity |
| Parkinson disease | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 4.5 ( Rao G et al. ) (average) 4.5 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.12 ( Rao G et al. ) (average) 0.12 | Seasonality |
| Allergic rhinitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 0.95 ( Kim H et al. ) (average) 0.95 | Negative likelihood ratio 1.22 ( Kim H et al. ) (average) 1.22 | Shuffling gait |
| Parkinson disease | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.3 ( Rao G et al. ) (average) 3.3 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.32 ( Rao G et al. ) (average) 0.32 | Slump test |
| Disc herniation | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 4.94 ( Majlesi J et al. ) 1.22 ( Ekedahl H et al. ) (average) 3.08 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.19 ( Majlesi J et al. ) 0.61 ( Ekedahl H et al. ) (average) 0.4 | Smoking |
| COPD | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.8 ( Dewar M et al. ) (average) 1.8 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.16 ( Dewar M et al. ) (average) 0.16 | |
| Acute sinusitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.38 ( Moore P et al. ) (average) 1.38 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.97 ( Moore P et al. ) (average) 0.97 | Soap intolerance |
| Atopic dermatitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.40 ( Sharma L et al. ) 1.69 ( Wanitphakdeedecha R et al. ) (average) 2.55 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.73 ( Sharma L et al. ) 0.68 ( Wanitphakdeedecha R et al. ) (average) 0.71 | Sore throat |
| Influenza during flu season | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.06 ( Ebell MH et al. ) (average) 1.06 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.89 ( Ebell MH et al. ) (average) 0.89 | Sores |
| Peripheral arterial disease | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 5.9 ( Khan NA et al. ) (average) 5.9 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.98 ( Khan NA et al. ) (average) 0.98 | Splenomegaly |
| Mononucleosis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 7.0 ( Mark H et al. ) (average) 7 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.94 ( Mark H et al. ) (average) 0.94 | SpO2 < 90% |
| COPD | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 6.77 ( Amalakanti S et al. ) (average) 6.77 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.18 ( Amalakanti S et al. ) (average) 0.18 | SpO2 < 95% |
| COPD | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.82 ( Pachon EG et al. ) (average) 2.82 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.78 ( Pachon EG et al. ) (average) 0.78 | |
| Pneumonia in adults | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.83 ( Moore M et al. ) 2.6 ( Holm A et al. ) (average) 2.22 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.87 ( Moore M et al. ) 0.60 ( Holm A et al. ) (average) 0.74 | |
| Pneumonia in children | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.5 ( Shah SN et al. ) (average) 3.5 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.88 ( Shah SN et al. ) (average) 0.88 | Sputum |
| Influenza during flu season | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.13 ( Ebell MH et al. ) (average) 1.13 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.94 ( Ebell MH et al. ) (average) 0.94 | |
| Asthma in children | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.7 ( ITS Yu et al. ) (average) 1.7 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.69 ( ITS Yu et al. ) (average) 0.69 | Squat causing posterior pain |
| Hip arthrosis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 6.1 ( Sutlive TG et al. ) (average) 6.1 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.79 ( Sutlive TG et al. ) (average) 0.79 | Straight Leg Raising test |
| Disc herniation | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 4.73 ( Majlesi J et al. ) 6.38 ( Omar S et al. ) 4.40 ( Cecin AH Cecin's Sign: ) 2.1 ( Deville WL et al. ) (average) 4.4 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.54 ( Majlesi J et al. ) 0.20 ( Omar S et al. ) 0.82 ( Cecin AH Cecin's Sign: ) 0.21 ( Deville WL et al. ) (average) 0.44 | Striae |
| Cushing syndrome | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.1 ( Nugent CA et al. ) (average) 2.1 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.69 ( Nugent CA et al. ) (average) 0.69 | Swallowing complaints |
| Hypothyroidism | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.59 ( Carle A et al. ) (average) 2.59 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.80 ( Carle A et al. ) (average) 0.8 | Sweating |
| Influenza during flu season | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.86 ( Ebell MH et al. ) (average) 2.86 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.63 ( Ebell MH et al. ) (average) 0.63 | |
| Acute coronary syndrome | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.34 ( Rudi Bruyninckx et al. ) 2.06 ( Mant J et al. ) (average) 1.7 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.85 ( Rudi Bruyninckx et al. ) 0.65 ( Mant J et al. ) (average) 0.75 | |
| Hypothyroidism | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.86 ( Zulewski H et al. ) (average) 3.86 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.53 ( Zulewski H et al. ) (average) 0.53 | Swelling in ankles |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 4.42 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 4.42 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.53 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 0.53 | Swelling in DIPs |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 4.65 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 4.65 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.25 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 0.25 | Swelling in elbows |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 4.20 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 4.2 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.64 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 0.64 | Swelling in knees |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.21 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 2.21 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.51 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 0.51 | Swelling in MCPs |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 5.37 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 5.37 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.17 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 0.17 | Swelling in PIPs |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 4.94 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 4.94 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.25 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 0.25 | Swelling in wrists |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 5.71 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 5.71 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.23 ( Arnett FC et al. ) (average) 0.23 | Systolic murmur |
| Aortic stenosis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.50 ( Iversen K et al. ) 3.21 ( Parras J et al. ) (average) 3.36 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.66 ( Iversen K et al. ) 0.32 ( Parras J et al. ) (average) 0.49 | |
| Atrial septum defect | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.22 ( Iversen K et al. ) (average) 1.22 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.98 ( Iversen K et al. ) (average) 0.98 | |
| Mitral insufficiency | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.36 ( Iversen K et al. ) (average) 1.36 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.94 ( Iversen K et al. ) (average) 0.94 | |
| Aortic insufficiency | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.3 ( Choudhry NK et al. ) (average) 1.3 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.5 ( Choudhry NK et al. ) (average) 0.5 | |
| Heart failure | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.6 ( Wang CS et al. ) (average) 2.6 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.81 ( Wang CS et al. ) (average) 0.81 | Temporal artery pain |
| Temporal Arteritis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.26 ( Ryan D et al. ) (average) 2.26 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.64 ( Ryan D et al. ) (average) 0.64 | Throbbing or pulsating pain |
| Migraine | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.9 ( Smetana GW et al. ) (average) 2.9 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.36 ( Smetana GW et al. ) (average) 0.36 | |
| Tension type headache | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 0.34 ( Pacheva IH et al. ) (average) 0.34 | Negative likelihood ratio 3.65 ( Pacheva IH et al. ) (average) 3.65 | Tinel's test |
| Ulnar neuropathy | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.32 ( Beekman R et al. ) (average) 1.32 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.72 ( Beekman R et al. ) (average) 0.72 | Tremor |
| Parkinson disease | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.4 ( Rao G et al. ) (average) 1.4 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.54 ( Rao G et al. ) (average) 0.54 | Trendelenburg test |
| Hip arthrosis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.83 ( Youdas JW et al. ) (average) 1.83 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.64 ( Youdas JW et al. ) (average) 0.64 | Two or more colors |
| Melanoma | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.6 ( Mark Ebell et al. ) 1.6 ( Thomas L et al. ) (average) 1.6 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.59 ( Mark Ebell et al. ) 0.59 ( Thomas L et al. ) (average) 0.59 | Ulnar nerve compression |
| Ulnar neuropathy | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 44.50 ( Novak CB et al. ) (average) 44.5 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.11 ( Novak CB et al. ) (average) 0.11 | Unilateral pain |
| Migraine | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.7 ( Smetana GW et al. ) (average) 3.7 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.43 ( Smetana GW et al. ) (average) 0.43 | |
| Tension type headache | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 0.61 ( Pacheva IH et al. ) (average) 0.61 | Negative likelihood ratio 10.25 ( Pacheva IH et al. ) (average) 10.25 | Unilateral paresthesia - ever |
| Stroke | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.71 ( Sung VW et al. ) (average) 2.71 | (average) 0 | Urgency - miction |
| Urinary tract infection in women | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.22 ( Giesen LGM et al. ) (average) 1.22 | (average) 0 | Urinary symptoms |
| Spinal stenosis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 7 ( Ebell MH et al. ) (average) 7 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.14 ( Ebell MH et al. ) (average) 0.14 | Vaginal discharge |
| Urinary tract infection in women | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 0.65 ( Giesen LGM et al. ) 0.3 ( Bent S et al. ) (average) 0.48 | Negative likelihood ratio 1.10 ( Giesen LGM et al. ) 3.1 ( Bent S et al. ) (average) 2.1 | Valsalva's maneuver |
| Heart failure | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 7.67 ( Shamsham S et al. ) (average) 7.67 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.34 ( Shamsham S et al. ) (average) 0.34 | Verbal fluency test < 15 |
| Dementia | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 22.00 ( Simmons BB et al. ) (average) 22 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.13 ( Simmons BB et al. ) (average) 0.13 | Vomiting |
| Acute coronary syndrome | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.32 ( Rudi Bruyninckx et al. ) (average) 1.32 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.93 ( Rudi Bruyninckx et al. ) (average) 0.93 | |
| Cholecystitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.5 ( Trowbridge RL et al. ) (average) 1.5 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.6 ( Trowbridge RL et al. ) (average) 0.6 | |
| Small bowel obstruction | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.2 ( Bohner H et al. ) (average) 2.2 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.4 ( Bohner H et al. ) (average) 0.4 | |
| Diverticulitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.4 ( Wilkins T et al. ) (average) 1.4 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.2 ( Wilkins T et al. ) (average) 0.2 | |
| HIV infection | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 4.6 ( Wood E et al. ) (average) 4.6 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.9 ( Wood E et al. ) (average) 0.9 | |
| Appendicitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.31 ( Idris SA et al. ) 1.09 ( Al-gaithy Zuhoor K et ) (average) 1.2 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.56 ( Idris SA et al. ) 0.38 ( Al-gaithy Zuhoor K et ) (average) 0.47 | |
| Cluster headache | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.85 ( Uluduz D et al. ) (average) 1.85 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.90 ( Uluduz D et al. ) (average) 0.9 | Walking heel-to-toe impaired |
| Parkinson disease | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.9 ( Rao G et al. ) (average) 2.9 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.32 ( Rao G et al. ) (average) 0.32 | Weak ankle dorsiflexion |
| Disc herniation | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 4.9 ( David S at al. ) (average) 4.9 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.5 ( David S at al. ) (average) 0.5 | WHAT test |
| De Quervain tenosynovitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 1.39 ( Goubau JF et al. ) (average) 1.39 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.04 ( Goubau JF et al. ) (average) 0.04 | Wheezing |
| Asthma in children | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 8.1 ( ITS Yu et al. ) (average) 8.1 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.44 ( ITS Yu et al. ) (average) 0.44 | |
| Asthma in adults | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.29 ( Tomita K et al. ) (average) 2.29 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.80 ( Tomita K et al. ) (average) 0.8 | |
| COPD | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 3.8 ( Dewar M et al. ) (average) 3.8 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.66 ( Dewar M et al. ) (average) 0.66 | |
| Hypothyroidism | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.20 ( Carle A et al. ) (average) 2.2 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.83 ( Carle A et al. ) (average) 0.83 | Wheezing on examination |
| COPD | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 36 ( Dewar M et al. ) (average) 36 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.85 ( Dewar M et al. ) (average) 0.85 | |
| Pneumonia in children | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 0.95 ( Zanco J et al. ) (average) 0.95 | Negative likelihood ratio 3.50 ( Zanco J et al. ) (average) 3.5 | Xerosis |
| Atopic dermatitis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 2.55 ( Sharma L et al. ) 1.65 ( Wanitphakdeedecha R et al. ) (average) 2.1 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.30 ( Sharma L et al. ) 0.51 ( Wanitphakdeedecha R et al. ) (average) 0.41 | Yellow discharge |
| Trichomoniasis vaginalis | ||
| Positive likelihood ratio 4.1 ( Anderson MR et al. ) (average) 4.1 | Negative likelihood ratio 0.12 ( Anderson MR et al. ) (average) 0.12 | |